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Arduino

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"LilyPad" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="Lily_pad_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lily pad (disambiguation)">Lily pad (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Arduino_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Arduino (disambiguation)">Arduino (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox hproduct vevent"><caption class="infobox-title fn summary">Arduino</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="Arduino_Uno" title="Arduino Uno">Arduino Uno</a> SMD R3</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data">Arduino</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Single-board_microcontroller" title="Single-board microcontroller">Single-board microcontroller</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data">None, with bootloader (default) <a href="Xinu" title="Xinu">Xinu</a> <a href="FreeRTOS" title="FreeRTOS">FreeRTOS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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<ul><li><a href="Atmel_AVR" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmel AVR">Atmel AVR</a> (8-bit)</li>

<li><a href="ARM_Cortex-M0%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM Cortex-M0+">ARM Cortex-M0+</a> (32-bit)</li>

<li><a href="ARM_Cortex-M3" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM Cortex-M3">ARM Cortex-M3</a> (32-bit)</li>

<li><a href="Intel_Quark" title="Intel Quark">Intel Quark</a> (<a href="X86" title="X86">x86</a>) (32-bit)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Memory</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Static_random-access_memory" title="Static random-access memory">SRAM</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Storage</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash</a>, <a href="EEPROM" title="EEPROM">EEPROM</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arduino.cc/">arduino.cc</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

Arduino (/ɑːrˈdwiːnoʊ/) is an Italian <a href="Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">open-source hardware</a> and <a href="Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">software</a> company, project, and user community that designs and manufactures <a href="Single-board_microcontroller" title="Single-board microcontroller">single-board microcontrollers</a> and <a href="Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontroller</a> kits for building digital devices. Its hardware products are licensed under a <a href="Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">CC BY-SA license</a>, while the software is licensed under the <a href="GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">GNU Lesser General Public License</a> (LGPL) or the <a href="GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> (GPL),<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> permitting the <a href="Manufacture" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacture">manufacture</a> of Arduino boards and software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially from the official <a href="Website" title="Website">website</a> or through authorized distributors.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>

Arduino board designs use a variety of <a href="Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessors</a> and controllers. The boards are equipped with sets of digital and analog <a href="Input/output" title="Input/output">input/output</a> (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards ('shields') or <a href="Breadboards" class="mw-redirect" title="Breadboards">breadboards</a> (for prototyping) and other circuits. The boards feature serial communications interfaces, including <a href="Universal_Serial_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Serial Bus">Universal Serial Bus</a> (USB) on some models, which are also used for loading programs. The microcontrollers can be programmed using the <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> and <a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a> (Embedded C), using a standard API which is also known as the Arduino Programming Language, inspired by the <a href="Processing_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Processing (programming language)">Processing language</a> and used with a modified version of the Processing IDE. In addition to using traditional <a href="Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a> <a href="Toolchains" class="mw-redirect" title="Toolchains">toolchains</a>, the Arduino project provides an <a href="Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">integrated development environment</a> (IDE) and a command line tool developed in <a href="Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a>.

The Arduino project began in 2005 as a tool for students at the <a href="Interaction_Design_Institute_Ivrea" title="Interaction Design Institute Ivrea">Interaction Design Institute Ivrea</a>, Italy,<a href="#cite_note-kushner-3">[3]</a> aiming to provide a low-cost and easy way for novices and professionals to create devices that interact with their environment using <a href="Sensor" title="Sensor">sensors</a> and <a href="Actuator" title="Actuator">actuators</a>. Common examples of such devices intended for beginner hobbyists include simple <a href="Robot" title="Robot">robots</a>, <a href="Thermostat" title="Thermostat">thermostats</a>, and <a href="Motion_detector" title="Motion detector">motion detectors</a>.

The name Arduino comes from a café in <a href="Ivrea" title="Ivrea">Ivrea</a>, Italy, where some of the project's founders used to meet. The bar was named after <a href="Arduin_of_Ivrea" title="Arduin of Ivrea">Arduin of Ivrea</a>, who was the <a href="Margrave" title="Margrave">margrave</a> of the <a href="March_of_Ivrea" title="March of Ivrea">March of Ivrea</a> and <a href="King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a> from 1002 to 1014.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding">Founding</h3></div>

The Arduino project was started at the <a href="Interaction_Design_Institute_Ivrea" title="Interaction Design Institute Ivrea">Interaction Design Institute Ivrea</a> (IDII) in <a href="Ivrea" title="Ivrea">Ivrea</a>, Italy.<a href="#cite_note-kushner-3">[3]</a> At that time, the students used a <a href="BASIC_Stamp" title="BASIC Stamp">BASIC Stamp</a> <a href="Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontroller</a> at a cost of $50. In 2004, <a href="Hernando_Barrag%C3%A1n" title="Hernando Barragán">Hernando Barragán</a> created the development platform <a href="Wiring_(development_platform)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiring (development platform)">Wiring</a> as a Master's thesis project at IDII, under the supervision of Massimo Banzi and <a href="Casey_Reas" title="Casey Reas">Casey Reas</a>. Casey Reas is known for co-creating, with Ben Fry, the <a href="Processing" title="Processing">Processing</a> development platform. The project goal was to create simple, low cost tools for creating digital projects by non-engineers. The Wiring platform consisted of a <a href="Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">printed circuit board</a> (PCB) with an <a href="ATmega" class="mw-redirect" title="ATmega">ATmega</a>128 microcontroller, an IDE based on Processing and library functions to easily program the microcontroller.<a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a> In 2005, Massimo Banzi, with David Mellis, another IDII student, and David Cuartielles, extended Wiring by adding support for the cheaper ATmega8 microcontroller. The new project, forked from Wiring, was called Arduino.<a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a>

The initial Arduino core team consisted of Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, Tom Igoe, Gianluca Martino, and David Mellis.<a href="#cite_note-kushner-3">[3]</a>

Following the completion of the platform, lighter and less expensive versions were distributed in the open-source community. It was estimated in mid-2011 that over 300,000 official Arduinos had been commercially produced,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> and in 2013 that 700,000 official boards were in users' hands.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trademark_dispute">Trademark dispute</h3></div>

In early 2008, the five co-founders of the Arduino project created a company, Arduino LLC,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> to hold the trademarks associated with Arduino. The manufacture and sale of the boards were to be done by external companies, and Arduino LLC would get a royalty from them. The founding bylaws of Arduino LLC specified that each of the five founders transfer ownership of the Arduino brand to the newly formed company.

At the end of 2008, Gianluca Martino's company, Smart Projects, registered the Arduino trademark in Italy and kept this a secret from the other co-founders for about two years. This was revealed when the Arduino company tried to register the trademark in other areas of the world (they originally registered only in the US), and discovered that it was already registered in Italy. Negotiations with Martino and his firm to bring the trademark under the control of the original Arduino company failed. In 2014, Smart Projects began refusing to pay royalties. They then appointed a new CEO, Federico Musto, who renamed the company Arduino SRL and created the website arduino.org, copying the graphics and layout of the original arduino.cc. This resulted in a rift in the Arduino development team.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>

In January 2015, Arduino LLC filed a lawsuit against Arduino SRL.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>

In May 2015, Arduino LLC created the worldwide trademark Genuino, used as brand name outside the United States.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>

At the World <a href="Maker_Faire" title="Maker Faire">Maker Faire</a> in New York on 1 October 2016, Arduino LLC co-founder and CEO Massimo Banzi and Arduino SRL CEO Federico Musto announced the merger of the two companies, forming Arduino AG.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Around that same time, Massimo Banzi announced that in addition to the company a new Arduino Foundation would be launched as "a new beginning for Arduino", but this decision was withdrawn later.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a>

In April 2017, <a href="Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a> reported that Musto had "fabricated his academic record... On his company's website, personal LinkedIn accounts, and even on Italian business documents, Musto was, until recently, listed as holding a Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In some cases, his biography also claimed an MBA from New York University." Wired reported that neither university had any record of Musto's attendance, and Musto later admitted in an interview with Wired that he had never earned those degrees.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The controversy surrounding Musto continued when, in July 2017, he reportedly pulled many <a href="Open_source" title="Open source">open source</a> licenses, schematics, and code from the Arduino website, prompting scrutiny and outcry.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a>

By 2017 Arduino 'AG' owned many Arduino trademarks. In July 2017 BCMI, founded by Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, David Mellis and Tom Igoe, acquired Arduino AG and all the Arduino trademarks. Fabio Violante is the new CEO replacing Federico Musto, who no longer works for Arduino AG.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-dispute">Post-dispute</h3></div>

In October 2017, Arduino announced its partnership with <a href="Arm_Holdings" title="Arm Holdings">Arm Holdings</a> (ARM). The announcement said, in part, "ARM recognized independence as a core value of Arduino ... without any lock-in with the <a href="ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARM architecture</a>". Arduino intends to continue to work with all technology vendors and architectures.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Under Violante's guidance, the company started growing again and releasing new designs. The Genuino trademark was dismissed and all products were branded again with the Arduino name.

In August 2018, Arduino announced its new open source command line tool (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/arduino/arduino-cli">arduino-cli</a>), which can be used as a replacement of the IDE to program the boards from a shell.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>

In February 2019, Arduino announced its IoT Cloud service as an extension of the Create online environment.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a>

As of February 2020, the Arduino community included about 30 million active users based on the IDE downloads.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hardware">Hardware</h2></div>

Arduino is <a href="Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">open-source hardware</a>. The hardware reference designs are distributed under a <a href="Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a> Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and are available on the Arduino website. Layout and production files for some versions of the hardware are also available.

Although the hardware and software designs are freely available under <a href="Copyleft" title="Copyleft">copyleft</a> licenses, the developers have requested the name Arduino to be <a href="Generic_trademark" title="Generic trademark">exclusive to the official product</a> and not be used for derived works without permission. The official policy document on the use of the Arduino name emphasizes that the project is open to incorporating work by others into the official product.<a href="#cite_note-AutoF7-44-26">[26]</a> Several Arduino-compatible products commercially released have avoided the project name by using various names ending in -duino.<a href="#cite_note-freeduino-27">[27]</a>

Most Arduino boards consist of an <a href="Atmel" title="Atmel">Atmel</a> 8-bit <a href="AVR_microcontroller" class="mw-redirect" title="AVR microcontroller">AVR microcontroller</a> (ATmega8,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> ATmega168, <a href="ATmega328" title="ATmega328">ATmega328</a>, ATmega1280, or ATmega2560) with varying amounts of flash memory, pins, and features.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The 32-bit <a href="Arduino_Due" class="mw-redirect" title="Arduino Due">Arduino Due</a>, based on the Atmel <a href="Atmel_ARM-based_processors#SAM_3" title="Atmel ARM-based processors">SAM3X8E</a> was introduced in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The boards use single or double-row pins or female headers that facilitate connections for programming and incorporation into other circuits. These may connect with add-on modules termed shields. Multiple and possibly stacked shields may be individually addressable via an <a href="I%C2%B2C" title="I²C">I²C</a> <a href="Serial_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial bus">serial bus</a>. Most boards include a 5 V <a href="Linear_regulator" title="Linear regulator">linear regulator</a> and a 16 MHz <a href="Crystal_oscillator" title="Crystal oscillator">crystal oscillator</a> or <a href="Ceramic_resonator" title="Ceramic resonator">ceramic resonator</a>. Some designs, such as the LilyPad,<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> run at 8 MHz and dispense with the onboard voltage regulator due to specific <a href="Form_factor_(design)" title="Form factor (design)">form factor</a> restrictions.

Arduino microcontrollers are pre-programmed with a <a href="Bootloader" title="Bootloader">bootloader</a> that simplifies the uploading of programs to the on-chip <a href="Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash memory</a>. The default bootloader of the Arduino Uno is the Optiboot bootloader.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Boards are loaded with program code via a serial connection to another computer. Some serial Arduino boards contain a <a href="Level_shifter" title="Level shifter">level shifter</a> circuit to convert between <a href="RS-232" title="RS-232">RS-232</a> logic levels and <a href="Transistor%E2%80%93transistor_logic" title="Transistor–transistor logic">transistor–transistor logic</a> (<a href="TTL_serial" class="mw-redirect" title="TTL serial">TTL serial</a>) level signals. Current Arduino boards are programmed via <a href="Universal_Serial_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Serial Bus">Universal Serial Bus</a> (USB), implemented using USB-to-serial adapter chips such as the <a href="FTDI" title="FTDI">FTDI</a> FT232. Some boards, such as later-model Uno boards, substitute the <a href="FTDI" title="FTDI">FTDI</a> chip with a separate AVR chip containing USB-to-serial firmware, which is reprogrammable via its own <a href="In-system_programming" title="In-system programming">ICSP</a> header. Other variants, such as the Arduino Mini and the unofficial Boarduino, use a detachable USB-to-serial adapter board or cable, <a href="Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> or other methods. When used with traditional microcontroller tools, instead of the Arduino IDE, standard AVR <a href="In-system_programming" title="In-system programming">in-system programming</a> (ISP) programming is used.

The Arduino board exposes most of the microcontroller's I/O pins for use by other circuits. The Diecimila,<a href="#cite_note-N10000-34">[a]</a> Duemilanove,<a href="#cite_note-N2009-35">[b]</a> and current Uno<a href="#cite_note-N1-36">[c]</a> provide 14 digital I/O pins, six of which can produce <a href="Pulse-width_modulation" title="Pulse-width modulation">pulse-width modulated</a> signals, and six analog inputs, which can also be used as six digital I/O pins. These pins are on the top of the board, via female 0.1-inch (2.54 mm) headers. Several plug-in application shields are also commercially available. The Arduino Nano and Arduino-compatible Bare Bones Board<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> and Boarduino<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> boards may provide male header pins on the underside of the board that can plug into solderless <a href="Breadboard" title="Breadboard">breadboards</a>.

Many Arduino-compatible and Arduino-derived boards exist. Some are functionally equivalent to an Arduino and can be used interchangeably. Many enhance the basic Arduino by adding output drivers, often for use in school-level education,<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> to simplify making buggies and small robots. Others are electrically equivalent, but change the form factor, sometimes retaining compatibility with shields, sometimes not. Some variants use different processors, of varying compatibility.

In addition to hardware variations, <a href="Open_source" title="Open source">open source</a> libraries have been developed to support Arduino hardware in <a href="Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">EDA</a> tools. One such project provides <a href="KiCad" title="KiCad">KiCad</a> schematic symbols and <a href="Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">PCB</a> footprints for Arduino modules, expansion boards, and connectors, making it easier for engineers to integrate Arduino into their designs. <a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_boards">Official boards</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="List_of_Arduino_boards_and_compatible_systems" title="List of Arduino boards and compatible systems">List of Arduino boards and compatible systems</a></div>

The original Arduino hardware was manufactured by the Italian company Smart Projects.<a href="#cite_note-smartprojects-41">[38]</a> Some Arduino-branded boards have been designed by the American companies <a href="SparkFun_Electronics" title="SparkFun Electronics">SparkFun Electronics</a> and <a href="Adafruit_Industries" title="Adafruit Industries">Adafruit Industries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a> As of 2016, 17 versions of the Arduino hardware have been commercially produced.

<div class="gallerytext">Arduino RS232<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> (male pins)</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Arduino Diecimila<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a></div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Arduino Duemilanove<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> (rev 2009b)</div>

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<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Arduino_Uno" title="Arduino Uno">Arduino Uno R2</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a></div>

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<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Arduino_Uno" title="Arduino Uno">Arduino Uno SMD R3</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a></div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Arduino Leonardo<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Arduino Micro (ATmega32U4)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Arduino Pro Micro (ATmega32U4)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Arduino Pro<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> (No USB)</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Arduino Mega<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a></div>

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<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Arduino_Nano" title="Arduino Nano">Arduino Nano</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> (DIP-30 footprint)</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Arduino LilyPad 00<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> (rev 2007) (No USB)</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Arduino Robot<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Arduino Esplora<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Arduino Ethernet<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> (AVR + W5100)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Arduino Yún<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> (AVR + AR9331)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Arduino Due<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> (<a href="ARM_Cortex-M3" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM Cortex-M3">ARM Cortex-M3</a> core)</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Arduino GIGA R1 WiFi (Dual core <a href="ARM_Cortex-M7" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM Cortex-M7">ARM Cortex-M7</a> + <a href="ARM_Cortex-M4" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM Cortex-M4">ARM Cortex-M4</a> cores + Murata 1DX)</div>

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</ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shields">Shields</h3></div>

Arduino and Arduino-compatible boards use printed circuit expansion boards called shields, which plug into the normally supplied Arduino pin headers.<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> Shields can provide motor controls for <a href="3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a> and other applications, <a href="GNSS" class="mw-redirect" title="GNSS">GNSS</a> (satellite navigation), Ethernet, <a href="Liquid_crystal_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid crystal display">liquid crystal display</a> (LCD), or breadboarding (<a href="Prototyping" class="mw-redirect" title="Prototyping">prototyping</a>). Several shields can also be made <a href="Do_it_yourself" title="Do it yourself">do it yourself</a> (DIY).<a href="#cite_note-AutoF7-35-60">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-AutoF7-36-61">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a>

<div class="gallerytext">Some shields offer stacking headers which allow multiple shields to be stacked on top of an Arduino board. Here, a prototyping shield is stacked on two <a href="Adafruit" class="mw-redirect" title="Adafruit">Adafruit</a> motor shield V2s.</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Screw-terminal breakout shield in a wing-type format, allowing bare-end wires to be connected to the board without requiring any specialized pins</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Adafruit Datalogging Shield with a <a href="Secure_Digital" class="mw-redirect" title="Secure Digital">Secure Digital</a> (SD) card slot and real-time clock (RTC) chip along with some space for adding components and modules for customization</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Adafruit Motor Shield with screw terminals for connection to motors. Officially discontinued, this shield may still be available through unofficial channels.</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">The Adafruit Motor Shield V2 uses <a href="I%C2%B2C" title="I²C">I2C</a>, requiring vastly fewer digital I/O pins than attaching each motor directly.</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">A USB host shield which allows an Arduino board to communicate with a USB device such as a keyboard or a mouse</div>

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</ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software">Software</h2></div>

A program for Arduino hardware may be written in any <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> with compilers that produce binary machine code for the target processor. Atmel provides a development environment for their 8-bit <a href="Atmel_AVR" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmel AVR">AVR</a> and 32-bit <a href="ARM_Cortex-M" title="ARM Cortex-M">ARM Cortex-M</a> based microcontrollers: AVR Studio (older) and Atmel Studio (newer).<a href="#cite_note-AutoF7-38-63">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-AutoF7-39-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-AutoF7-46-65">[62]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy_IDE">Legacy IDE</h3></div>

<table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary">Arduino Legacy IDE</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><div class="infobox-caption">Screenshot of Arduino Legacy IDE showing Blink program</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Arduino Software</td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">1.8.19

/ 21 December 2021 (2021-12-21)<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, <a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a>, <a href="X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a>, <a href="ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARM</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated development environment</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="LGPL" class="mw-redirect" title="LGPL">LGPL</a> or <a href="GPL" class="mw-redirect" title="GPL">GPL</a> license</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arduino.cc/en/software">www.arduino.cc/en/software</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

The Arduino <a href="Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">integrated development environment</a> (IDE) is a <a href="Cross-platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-platform">cross-platform</a> application (for <a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, <a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, and <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>) that is based on <a href="Processing_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Processing (programming language)">Processing IDE</a> which is written in <a href="Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>. It uses the <a href="Wiring_(development_platform)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiring (development platform)">Wiring</a> API as programming style and <a href="Hardware_Abstraction_Layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardware Abstraction Layer">HAL</a>. It includes a code editor with features such as text cutting and pasting, searching and replacing text, automatic indenting, <a href="Brace_matching" class="mw-redirect" title="Brace matching">brace matching</a>, and <a href="Syntax_highlighting" title="Syntax highlighting">syntax highlighting</a>, and provides simple one-click mechanisms to compile and upload programs to an Arduino board. It also contains a message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for common functions and a hierarchy of operation menus. The source code for the IDE is released under the <a href="GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a>, version 2.<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a>

The Arduino IDE supports the languages <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> and <a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> using special rules of code structuring. The Arduino IDE supplies a <a href="Software_library" class="mw-redirect" title="Software library">software library</a> from the <a href="Wiring_(development_platform)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiring (development platform)">Wiring</a> project, which provides many common input and output procedures. User-written code only requires two basic functions, for starting the sketch and the main program loop, that are compiled and linked with a program stub main() into an executable <a href="Cyclic_executive" title="Cyclic executive">cyclic executive</a> program with the <a href="GNU_toolchain" title="GNU toolchain">GNU toolchain</a>, also included with the IDE distribution. The Arduino IDE employs the program avrdude to convert the executable code into a text file in <a href="Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">hexadecimal</a> encoding that is loaded into the Arduino board by a loader program in the board's firmware. Traditionally, Arduino IDE was used to program Arduino's official boards based on Atmel AVR Microcontrollers, but over time, once the popularity of Arduino grew and the availability of open-source compilers existed, many more platforms from <a href="PIC_microcontrollers" title="PIC microcontrollers">PIC</a>, <a href="STM32" title="STM32">STM32</a>, <a href="TI_MSP430" title="TI MSP430">TI MSP430</a>, <a href="ESP32" title="ESP32">ESP32</a> can be coded using Arduino IDE.<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a>

<table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary">Arduino IDE</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><div class="infobox-caption">Screenshot of Arduino IDE 2.x showing Blink code</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Arduino Software</td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">2.3.2

/ 20 February 2024 (2024-02-20)<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a>, <a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, <a href="Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, <a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated development environment</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="GNU_Affero_General_Public_License" title="GNU Affero General Public License">GNU Affero General Public License</a> v3.0</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arduino.cc/en/software">www.arduino.cc/en/software</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

An initial alpha preview of a new Arduino IDE was released on October 18, 2019, as Arduino Pro IDE. The beta preview was released on March 1, 2021, renamed IDE 2.0. On September 14, 2022, the Arduino IDE 2.0 was officially released as stable.<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a>

The system still uses Arduino CLI (Command Line Interface), but improvements include a more professional development environment and autocompletion support.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> The application frontend is based on the <a href="Eclipse_Theia" title="Eclipse Theia">Eclipse Theia</a> Open Source IDE. Its main new features are:<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a>

<ul><li>Modern, fully featured development environment</li>

<li>New Board Manager</li>

<li>New Library Manager</li>

<li>Project Explorer</li>

<li>Basic Auto-Completion and syntax check</li>

<li>Serial Monitor with Graph Plotter</li>

<li>Dark Mode and DPI awareness</li>

<li>64-bit release</li>

<li>Debugging capability</li></ul>

One important feature Arduino IDE 2.0 provides is the debugging feature.<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> It allows users to single-step, insert breakpoints or view memory. Debugging requires a target chip with <a href="Debug_port" title="Debug port">debug port</a> and a debug probe. The official Arduino Zero board can be debugged out of the box. Other official Arduino SAMD21 boards require a separate SEGGER J-Link or Atmel-ICE.

For a 3rd party board, debugging in Arduino IDE 2.0 is also possible as long as such board supports GDB, OPENOCD and has a debug probe. Community has contributed debugging for ATMega328P based Arduino <a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> or CH32 RISC-V boards,<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> etc.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sketch">Sketch</h3></div>

A sketch is a program written with the Arduino IDE.<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> Sketches are saved on the development computer as text files with the file extension .ino. Arduino Software (IDE) pre-1.0 saved sketches with the extension .pde.

A minimal Arduino C/C++ program consists of only two functions:<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a>

<ul><li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">setup()</code>: This function is called once when a sketch starts after power-up or reset. It is used to initialize variables, input and output pin modes, and other libraries needed in the sketch. It is analogous to the function <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">main()</code>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a></li>

<li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">loop()</code>: After <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">setup()</code> function exits (ends), the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">loop()</code> function is executed repeatedly in the main program. It controls the board until the board is powered off or is reset. It is analogous to the function <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">while(1)</code>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Blink example</dt></dl>

Most Arduino boards contain a <a href="Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">light-emitting diode</a> (LED) and a current-limiting resistor connected between pin 13 and ground, which is a convenient feature for many tests and program functions.<a href="#cite_note-Blink_Tutorial-80">[77]</a> A typical program used by beginners, akin to <a href="Hello%2C_World!" class="mw-redirect" title="Hello, World!">Hello, World!</a>, is "blink", which repeatedly blinks the on-board LED integrated into the Arduino board. This program uses the functions <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">pinMode()</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">digitalWrite()</code>, and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">delay()</code>, which are provided by the internal libraries included in the IDE environment.<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> This program is usually loaded into a new Arduino board by the manufacturer.

<div style="font-size:10pt;" class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-arduino mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>const int LED_PIN = 13; // Pin number attached to LED.

void setup() {

pinMode(LED_PIN, OUTPUT); // Configure pin 13 to be a digital output.

}

void loop() {

digitalWrite(LED_PIN, HIGH); // Turn on the LED.

delay(1000); // Wait 1 second (1000 milliseconds).

digitalWrite(LED_PIN, LOW); // Turn off the LED.

delay(1000); // Wait 1 second.

}

</pre></div>Sweep example

Sweeping a servo with an Arduino means moving it back and forth across a specified range of motion. This is commonly done using the Servo library in Arduino. To sweep a servo with an Arduino, connect the servo's VCC (red wire) to 5V, GND (black/brown) to GND, and signal (yellow/white) to a PWM-capable pin (e.g., Pin 9). Use the Servo library to control movement. The code below gradually moves the servo from 0° to 180° and back in a loop.<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-arduino mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>#include <Servo.h>

Servo myServo; // Create a Servo object

void setup() {

myServo.attach(9); // Attach servo to pin 9

}

void loop() {

for (int pos = 0; pos <= 180; pos++) { // Move from 0° to 180°

myServo.write(pos);

delay(15);

}

for (int pos = 180; pos >= 0; pos--) { // Move back from 180° to 0°

myServo.write(pos);

delay(15);

}

}

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libraries">Libraries</h3></div>

The open-source nature of the Arduino project has facilitated the publication of many free software libraries that other developers use to augment their projects.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operating_systems/threading">Operating systems/threading</h3></div>

There is a <a href="Xinu" title="Xinu">Xinu</a> OS port for the ATmega328P (Arduino Uno and others with the same chip), which includes most of the basic features.<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> The source code of this version is freely available.<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a>

There is also a threading tool, named Protothreads. Protothreads are described as "extremely lightweight stackless threads designed for severely memory constrained systems, such as small embedded systems or wireless sensor network nodes.<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a>

There is a port of <a href="FreeRTOS" title="FreeRTOS">FreeRTOS</a> for the Arduino.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> This is available from the Arduino Library Manager. It is compatible with a number of boards, including the Uno.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Arduboy" title="Arduboy">Arduboy</a>, a <a href="Handheld_game_console" title="Handheld game console">handheld game console</a> based on Arduino</li>

<li><a href="Arduinome" title="Arduinome">Arduinome</a>, a <a href="MIDI_controller" title="MIDI controller">MIDI controller</a> device that mimics the <a href="Monome" title="Monome">Monome</a></li>

<li><a href="Ardupilot" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardupilot">Ardupilot</a>, drone software and hardware</li>

<li><a href="ArduSat" title="ArduSat">ArduSat</a>, a cubesat based on Arduino</li>

<li><a href="C-STEM_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="C-STEM Studio">C-STEM Studio</a>, a platform for hands-on integrated learning of computing, science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (C-STEM) with robotics</li>

<li>Data loggers for scientific research<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a></li>

<li><a href="OBDuino" title="OBDuino">OBDuino</a>, a <a href="Trip_computer" title="Trip computer">trip computer</a> that uses the <a href="On-board_diagnostics" title="On-board diagnostics">on-board diagnostics</a> interface found in most modern cars</li>

<li><a href="OpenEVSE" title="OpenEVSE">OpenEVSE</a> an open-source electric vehicle charger</li>

<li><a href="XOD_(programming_language)" title="XOD (programming language)">XOD</a>, a visual programming language for Arduino</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Simulation">Simulation</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Tinkercad" title="Tinkercad">Tinkercad</a> <a href="Tinkercad#Circuits" title="Tinkercad">Circuits</a> - an analog and digital simulator supporting Arduino Simulation, which is commonly used to create 3D models</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recognitions">Recognitions</h2></div>

The Arduino project received an honorary mention in the Digital Communities category at the 2006 <a href="Prix_Ars_Electronica" title="Prix Ars Electronica">Prix Ars Electronica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AutoF7-45-92">[89]</a>

The Arduino Engineering Kit won the Bett Award for "Higher Education or Further Education Digital Services" in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a>

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<ul><li><a href="List_of_Arduino_boards_and_compatible_systems" title="List of Arduino boards and compatible systems">List of Arduino boards and compatible systems</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_open-source_hardware_projects" title="List of open-source hardware projects">List of open-source hardware projects</a></li>

<li><a href="Calliope_mini" title="Calliope mini">Calliope mini</a></li>

<li><a href="Micro_Bit" title="Micro Bit">BBC micro:bit</a></li>

<li><a href="Raspberry_Pi" title="Raspberry Pi">Raspberry Pi</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-N10000-34"><a href="#cite_ref-N10000_34-0">^</a> Diecimila means "ten thousand" in Italian

</li>

<li id="cite_note-N2009-35"><a href="#cite_ref-N2009_35-0">^</a> Duemilanove means "two thousand and nine" in Italian

</li>

<li id="cite_note-N1-36"><a href="#cite_ref-N1_36-0">^</a> Uno means "one" in Italian

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170829015201/https://www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/Introduction">"Getting Started: FOUNDATION > Introduction"</a>. arduino.cc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arduino.cc/en/guide/introduction">the original</a> on 2017-08-29. Retrieved 2017-05-23.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arduino.cc/">"Arduino - Home"</a>. www.arduino.cc. Retrieved 2022-10-27.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-kushner-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kushner_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kushner_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kushner_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kushner_3-3">d</a> <cite id="CITEREFKushner2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kushner, David (2011-10-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-making-of-arduino">"The Making of Arduino"</a>. <a href="IEEE_Spectrum" title="IEEE Spectrum">IEEE Spectrum</a>.</cite>

</li>

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<li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBeddowsMallon2018" class="citation journal cs1">Beddows, Patricia A.; Mallon, Edward K. (2018-02-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5856100">"Cave Pearl Data Logger: A Flexible Arduino-Based Logging Platform for Long-Term Monitoring in Harsh Environments"</a>. Sensors. 18 (2): 530. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Senso..18..530B">2018Senso..18..530B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fs18020530">10.3390/s18020530</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5856100">5856100</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29425185">29425185</a>.</cite>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBanziShiloh2022" class="citation book cs1">Banzi, Massimo; Shiloh, Michael (2022). Make: Getting Started With Arduino: The Open Source Electronics Prototyping Platform (4th ed.). Make Community. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1680456936</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBlum2019" class="citation book cs1">Blum, Jeremy (2019). Exploring Arduino: Tools and Techniques for Engineering Wizardry (2nd ed.). <a href="Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1119405375</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBoxall2021" class="citation book cs1">Boxall, John (2021). Arduino Workshop: A Hands-On Introduction with 65 Projects (2nd ed.). <a href="No_Starch_Press" title="No Starch Press">No Starch Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1718500587</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKarvinenKarvinenValtokari2014" class="citation book cs1">Karvinen, Tero; Karvinen, Kimmo; Valtokari, Ville (2014). Make: Sensors (1st ed.). Make Community. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1449368104</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMonk2018" class="citation book cs1">Monk, Simon (2018). Programming Arduino Next Steps: Going Further with Sketches (2nd ed.). <a href="McGraw-Hill_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill Education">McGraw-Hill Education</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1260143249</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMonk2022" class="citation book cs1">Monk, Simon (2022). Programming Arduino: Getting Started with Sketches (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1264676989</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFNussey2018" class="citation book cs1">Nussey, John (2018). Arduino For Dummies (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1119489542</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPurdum2015" class="citation book cs1">Purdum, Jack (2015). Beginning C for Arduino: Learn C Programming for the Arduino (2nd ed.). <a href="Apress" class="mw-redirect" title="Apress">Apress</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1484209417</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2015" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt, Maik (2015). Arduino: A Quick Start Guide (2nd ed.). <a href="Pragmatic_Bookshelf" class="mw-redirect" title="Pragmatic Bookshelf">Pragmatic Bookshelf</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1941222249</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Arduino" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Arduino">Arduino</a>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arduino.cc">Official website</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ted.com/talks/massimo_banzi_how_arduino_is_open_sourcing_imagination">How Arduino is open sourcing imagination</a>, a <a href="TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">TED</a> talk by creator Massimo Banzi</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://i.imgur.com/yGRLPvL.jpg">Evolution tree for Arduino</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://robodino.org/resources/arduino">Arduino Cheat Sheet</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/johngineer/5484250200/sizes/o/in/photostream/">Arduino Dimensions and Hole Patterns</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/LNSD/Arduino-Shield-Template">Arduino Shield Template</a></li>

<li>Arduino Board Pinout Diagrams: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forum.arduino.cc/index.php?topic=132130.0">Due</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/28521811@N04/8469564216/sizes/l/in/photostream/">Esplora</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/28521811@N04/8466547410/sizes/l/in/photostream/">Leonardo</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/28521811@N04/8451024820/sizes/l/in/photostream/">Mega</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/28521811@N04/8471357492/sizes/l/in/photostream/">Micro</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/28521811@N04/8453583648/sizes/l/in/photostream/">Mini</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/28521811@N04/27704970094/sizes/l/in/photostream/">Pro Micro</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/28521811@N04/8572012276/sizes/l/in/photostream/">Pro Mini</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/28521811@N04/8449936925/sizes/l/in/photostream/">Uno</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/28521811@N04/10339503016/sizes/l/in/photostream/">Yun</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Historical</dt></dl>

<ul><li>Arduino – The Documentary (2010): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1869268/">IMDb</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/18539129">Vimeo</a></li>

<li>Massimo Banzi interviews: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twit.tv/shows/triangulation/episodes/110">Triangulation 110</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twit.tv/shows/floss-weekly/episodes/61">FLOSS 61</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arduinohistory.github.io/">Untold History of Arduino</a> – Hernando Barragán</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170709234951/https://www.unitedstatescourts.org/federal/mad/167131/">Lawsuit documents from Arduino LLC vs. Arduino S.R.L. et al.</a> – United States Courts Archive</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Single-board_computer_and_single-board_microcontroller102" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Single-board_computer" title="Single-board computer">Single-board computer</a> and <a href="Single-board_microcontroller" title="Single-board microcontroller">single-board microcontroller</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Arndale_Board" title="Arndale Board">Arndale Board</a></li>

<li><a href="Asus_Tinker_Board" title="Asus Tinker Board">Asus Tinker Board</a></li>

<li><a href="Banana_Pi" title="Banana Pi">Banana Pi</a></li>

<li><a href="BeagleBoard" title="BeagleBoard">BeagleBoard</a></li>

<li><a href="Cotton_Candy_(single-board_computer)" title="Cotton Candy (single-board computer)">Cotton Candy</a></li>

<li><a href="Cubieboard" title="Cubieboard">Cubieboard</a></li>

<li><a href="Intel_Edison" title="Intel Edison">Edison</a></li>

<li><a href="Intel_Galileo" title="Intel Galileo">Galileo</a></li>

<li><a href="Gumstix" title="Gumstix">Gumstix</a></li>

<li><a href="Hawkboard" title="Hawkboard">Hawkboard</a></li>

<li><a href="IGEPv2" title="IGEPv2">IGEPv2</a></li>

<li><a href="LattePanda" title="LattePanda">LattePanda</a></li>

<li><a href="Drive_PX-series" class="mw-redirect" title="Drive PX-series">Nvidia Drive</a></li>

<li><a href="Nvidia_Jetson" title="Nvidia Jetson">Nvidia Jetson</a></li>

<li><a href="ODROID" title="ODROID">ODROID</a></li>

<li><a href="OLinuXino" title="OLinuXino">OLinuXino</a></li>

<li><a href="PandaBoard" title="PandaBoard">PandaBoard</a></li>

<li><a href="Adapteva" class="mw-redirect" title="Adapteva">Parallella</a></li>

<li><a href="Rascal_(single-board_computer)" title="Rascal (single-board computer)">Rascal</a></li>

<li><a href="Raspberry_Pi" title="Raspberry Pi">Raspberry Pi</a></li>

<li><a href="Snowball_(single-board_computer)" title="Snowball (single-board computer)">Snowball</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">SoCs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="ARM_architecture_family" title="ARM architecture family">ARM</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Actions_Semiconductor" title="Actions Semiconductor">Actions</a></li>

<li><a href="Allwinner_Technology#SoC_.28System_on_Chip.29" title="Allwinner Technology">Allwinner</a></li>

<li><a href="Apple_M1" title="Apple M1">Apple M1</a></li>

<li><a href="Exynos_(system_on_chip)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exynos (system on chip)">Exynos</a></li>

<li><a href="HiSilicon#K3V3" title="HiSilicon">HiSiliconK3V3</a></li>

<li><a href="MediaTek" title="MediaTek">MediaTek</a></li>

<li><a href="Nomadik" title="Nomadik">Nomadik</a></li>

<li><a href="NovaThor" title="NovaThor">NovaThor</a></li>

<li><a href="Rockchip" title="Rockchip">Rockchip</a></li>

<li><a href="Qualcomm_Snapdragon" title="Qualcomm Snapdragon">Qualcomm Snapdragon</a></li>

<li><a href="Tegra" title="Tegra">Tegra</a></li>

<li><a href="WonderMedia#Products" title="WonderMedia">WonderMedia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="MIPS_architecture" title="MIPS architecture">MIPS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="X86" title="X86">x86</a>/<a href="X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Jaguar_(microarchitecture)" title="Jaguar (microarchitecture)">Jaguar</a>-based</li>

<li><a href="Puma_(microarchitecture)" title="Puma (microarchitecture)">Puma</a>-based</li>

<li><a href="Intel_Quark" title="Intel Quark">Quark</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apache_Hadoop" title="Apache Hadoop">Apache Hadoop</a></li>

<li><a href="Linaro" title="Linaro">Linaro</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Microcontrollers126" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Microcontrollers126" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">Microcontrollers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Single-board_microcontroller" title="Single-board microcontroller">Single-board microcontroller</a></li>

<li><a href="Special_function_register" title="Special function register">Special function register</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Microarchitecture" title="Microarchitecture">Architectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Word_(computer_architecture)" title="Word (computer architecture)">Word length</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="4-bit_computing" title="4-bit computing">4-bit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="8-bit_computing" title="8-bit computing">8-bit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Mitsubishi_740" title="Mitsubishi 740">MELPS 740</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Rabbit_2000" title="Rabbit 2000">Rabbit 2000</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="16-bit_computing" title="16-bit computing">16-bit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="PIC_microcontroller" class="mw-redirect" title="PIC microcontroller">PIC24/dsPIC</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="32-bit_computing" title="32-bit computing">32-bit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="List_of_applications_of_ARM_cores" class="mw-redirect" title="List of applications of ARM cores">ARM</a> <a href="ARM_Cortex-M" title="ARM Cortex-M">Cortex-M</a>

<li><a href="ARM_Cortex-R" title="ARM Cortex-R">ARM Cortex-R</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="NXP_ColdFire" title="NXP ColdFire">ColdFire</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a>

<li><a href="Parallax_Propeller" title="Parallax Propeller">Propeller</a></li>

<li><a href="SuperH" title="SuperH">SuperH</a></li>

<li><a href="Infineon_TriCore" title="Infineon TriCore">TriCore</a></li>

<li><a href="Tensilica" title="Tensilica">Xtensa</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="64-bit_computing" title="64-bit computing">64-bit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="ARM_Cortex-R" title="ARM Cortex-R">ARM Cortex-R</a></li>

<li><a href="PowerPC#64-bit_PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC64</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interfaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programming</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="In-system_programming" title="In-system programming">In-circuit serial programming</a> (ICSP)</li>

<li><a href="In-system_programming" title="In-system programming">In-system programming</a> (ISP)</li>

<li><a href="AVR_microcontrollers#PDI" title="AVR microcontrollers">Program and Debug Interface</a> (PDI)</li>

<li><a href="AVR_microcontrollers#High_voltage_serial" title="AVR microcontrollers">High-voltage serial programming</a> (HVSP)</li>

<li><a href="AVR_microcontrollers#High_voltage_parallel" title="AVR microcontrollers">High voltage parallel programming</a> (HVPP)</li>

<li><a href="AVR_microcontrollers#Bootloader" title="AVR microcontrollers">Bootloader</a></li>

<li><a href="AVR_microcontrollers#aWire" title="AVR microcontrollers">aWire</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Debugging</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nexus_(standard)" title="Nexus (standard)">Nexus (standard)</a></li>

<li><a href="JTAG" title="JTAG">Joint Test Action Group</a> (JTAG)

<ul><li><a href="DebugWIRE" title="DebugWIRE">debugWIRE</a> (Atmel)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="PIC_microcontroller" class="mw-redirect" title="PIC microcontroller">In-circuit debugging</a> (ICD)</li>

<li><a href="In-circuit_emulation" title="In-circuit emulation">In-circuit emulator</a> (ICE)</li>

<li><a href="In-target_probe" title="In-target probe">In-target probe</a> (ITP)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_common_microcontrollers" title="List of common microcontrollers">List of common microcontrollers</a></li>

<li>By manufacturer

<ul><li><a href="Intel_microprocessor" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel microprocessor">Intel</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Freescale_products" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Freescale products">NXP/Freescale</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_common_microcontrollers#Infineon" title="List of common microcontrollers">Infineon</a></li>

<li><a href="Renesas_Electronics#Products" title="Renesas Electronics">Renesas Electronics</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Wi-Fi_microcontrollers" title="List of Wi-Fi microcontrollers">List of Wi-Fi microcontrollers</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li>

<li><a href="Programmable_logic_controller" title="Programmable logic controller">Programmable logic controller</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_microprocessors" title="List of microprocessors">List of microprocessors</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ambient_intelligence78" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ambient_intelligence78" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Ambient_intelligence" title="Ambient intelligence">Ambient intelligence</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ambient_IoT" title="Ambient IoT">Ambient IoT</a></li>

<li><a href="Context_awareness" title="Context awareness">Context awareness</a></li>

<li><a href="Device_ecology" title="Device ecology">Device ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Spatial_computing" title="Spatial computing">Spatial computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">Internet of things</a></li>

<li><a href="Object_hyperlinking" title="Object hyperlinking">Object hyperlinking</a></li>

<li><a href="Profiling_(information_science)" title="Profiling (information science)">Profiling</a></li>

<li><a href="Spime" title="Spime">Spime</a></li>

<li><a href="Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">Ubiquitous computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_of_Things" title="Web of Things">Web of Things</a></li>

<li><a href="Wireless_sensor_network" title="Wireless sensor network">Wireless sensor networks</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="6LoWPAN" title="6LoWPAN">6LoWPAN</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_0" title="Internet 0">Internet 0</a></li>

<li><a href="Machine_to_machine" title="Machine to machine">Machine to machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Radio-frequency_identification" title="Radio-frequency identification">Radio-frequency identification</a></li>

<li><a href="Smartdust" title="Smartdust">Smartdust</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Platforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Contiki" title="Contiki">Contiki</a></li>

<li><a href=".NET_Gadgeteer" title=".NET Gadgeteer">Gadgeteer</a></li>

<li><a href="IoBridge" title="IoBridge">ioBridge</a></li>

<li><a href="Netduino" title="Netduino">Netduino</a></li>

<li><a href="Raspberry_Pi" title="Raspberry Pi">Raspberry Pi</a></li>

<li><a href="TinyOS" title="TinyOS">TinyOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Wiring_(development_platform)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiring (development platform)">Wiring</a></li>

<li><a href="Xively" title="Xively">Xively</a></li>

<li><a href="NodeMCU" title="NodeMCU">NodeMCU</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ambient_device" title="Ambient device">Ambient device</a></li>

<li><a href="CeNSE" title="CeNSE">CeNSE</a></li>

<li><a href="Connected_car" title="Connected car">Connected car</a></li>

<li><a href="Home_automation" title="Home automation">Home automation</a></li>

<li><a href="HomeOS" title="HomeOS">HomeOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_refrigerator" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet refrigerator">Internet refrigerator</a></li>

<li><a href="Nabaztag" title="Nabaztag">Nabaztag</a></li>

<li><a href="Smart_city" title="Smart city">Smart city</a></li>

<li><a href="Smart_TV" title="Smart TV">Smart TV</a></li>

<li><a href="Smarter_Planet" title="Smarter Planet">Smarter Planet</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Kevin_Ashton" title="Kevin Ashton">Kevin Ashton</a></li>

<li><a href="Gaetano_Borriello" title="Gaetano Borriello">Gaetano Borriello</a></li>

<li><a href="Adam_Dunkels" title="Adam Dunkels">Adam Dunkels</a></li>

<li><a href="Stefano_Marzano" title="Stefano Marzano">Stefano Marzano</a></li>

<li><a href="Don_Norman" title="Don Norman">Don Norman</a></li>

<li><a href="Roel_Pieper" title="Roel Pieper">Roel Pieper</a></li>

<li><a href="Josef_Preishuber-Pfl%C3%BCgl" title="Josef Preishuber-Pflügl">Josef Preishuber-Pflügl</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Seely_Brown" title="John Seely Brown">John Seely Brown</a></li>

<li><a href="Bruce_Sterling" title="Bruce Sterling">Bruce Sterling</a></li>

<li><a href="Mark_Weiser" title="Mark Weiser">Mark Weiser</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ambient_Devices" title="Ambient Devices">Ambient Devices</a></li>

<li><a href="AmbieSense" title="AmbieSense">AmbieSense</a></li>

<li><a href="Framework_Programmes_for_Research_and_Technological_Development" title="Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development">Ebbits project</a></li>

<li><a href="IPSO_Alliance" title="IPSO Alliance">IPSO Alliance</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175957#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1541" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175957#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1541" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1892754">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/7692236-4">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2011005402">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb165329562">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb165329562">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph809013&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX5232439">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007574964805171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/46575">Museum of Modern Art</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/154841862">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/7b92155b-7cd9-4071-90ec-9152b9464e12">Yale LUX</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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